## Appendix D Maintenance Commands

In addition to commands intended for gdb users, gdb includes a number of commands intended for gdb developers, that are not documented elsewhere in this manual. These commands are provided here for reference. (For commands that turn on debugging messages, see Debugging Output.)

`maint agent` expression
`maint agent-eval` expression
  Translate the given expression into remote agent bytecodes. This command is useful for debugging the Agent Expression mechanism (see Agent Expressions). The ‘`agent`’ version produces an expression useful for data collection, such as by tracepoints, while ‘`maint agent-eval`’ produces an expression that evaluates directly to a result. For instance, a collection expression for `globa + globb` will include bytecodes to record four bytes of memory at each of the addresses of `globa` and `globb`, while discarding the result of the addition, while an evaluation expression will do the addition and return the sum.

`maint info breakpoints`
  Using the same format as ‘`info breakpoints`’, display both the breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those gdb is using for internal purposes. Internal breakpoints are shown with negative breakpoint numbers. The type column identifies what kind of breakpoint is shown:
  `breakpoint`
    Normal, explicitly set breakpoint.
  `watchpoint`
    Normal, explicitly set watchpoint.
  `longjmp`
    Internal breakpoint, used to handle correctly stepping through `longjmp` calls.
  `longjmp resume`
    Internal breakpoint at the target of a `longjmp`.
  `until`
    Temporary internal breakpoint used by the gdb `until` command.
  `finish`
    Temporary internal breakpoint used by the gdb `finish` command.
  `shlib events`
    Shared library events.

`set displaced-stepping`
`show displaced-stepping`
  Control whether or not gdb will do displaced stepping if the target supports it. Displaced stepping is a way to single-step over breakpoints without removing them from the inferior, by executing an out-of-line copy of the instruction that was originally at the breakpoint location. It is also known as out-of-line single-stepping.
  `set displaced-stepping on`
    If the target architecture supports it, gdb will use displaced stepping to step over breakpoints.
  `set displaced-stepping off`
    gdb will not use displaced stepping to step over breakpoints, even if such is supported by the target architecture.

  `set displaced-stepping auto`
    This is the default mode. gdb will use displaced stepping only if non-stop mode is active (see Non-Stop Mode) and the target architecture supports displaced stepping.

`maint check-symtabs`
  Check the consistency of psymtabs and symtabs.

`maint cplus first_component` name
  Print the first C`++` class/namespace component of name.

`maint cplus namespace`
  Print the list of possible C`++` namespaces.

`maint demangle` name
  Demangle a C`++` or Objective-C mangled name.

`maint deprecate` command [replacement]
`maint undeprecate` command
  Deprecate or undeprecate the named command. Deprecated commands cause gdb to issue a warning when you use them. The optional argument replacement says which newer command should be used in favor of the deprecated one; if it is given, gdb will mention the replacement as part of the warning.

`maint dump-me`
  Cause a fatal signal in the debugger and force it to dump its core. This is supported only on systems which support aborting a program with the `SIGQUIT` signal.

`maint internal-error` [message-text]
`maint internal-warning` [message-text]
  Cause gdb to call the internal function `internal_error` or `internal_warning` and hence behave as though an internal error or internal warning has been detected. In addition to reporting the internal problem, these functions give the user the opportunity to either quit gdb or create a core file of the current gdb session.

  These commands take an optional parameter message-text that is used as the text of the error or warning message.

  Here's an example of using `internal-error`:

                (gdb) maint internal-error testing, 1, 2
                .../maint.c:121: internal-error: testing, 1, 2
                A problem internal to GDB has been detected.  Further
                debugging may prove unreliable.
                Quit this debugging session? (y or n) n
                Create a core file? (y or n) n
                (gdb)

`maint set internal-error` action`[ask|yes|no]`
`maint show internal-error` action
`maint set internal-warning` action`[ask|yes|no]`
`maint show internal-warning` action
  When gdb reports an internal problem (error or warning) it gives the user the opportunity to both quit gdb and create a core file of the current gdb session. These commands let you override the default behaviour for each particular action, described in the table below.
  ‘`quit`’
    You can specify that gdb should always (yes) or never (no) quit. The default is to ask the user what to do.
  ‘`corefile`’
    You can specify that gdb should always (yes) or never (no) create a core file. The default is to ask the user what to do.

`maint packet` text
  If gdb is talking to an inferior via the serial protocol, then this command sends the string text to the inferior, and displays the response packet. gdb supplies the initial ‘`$`’ character, the terminating ‘`#`’ character, and the checksum.

`maint print architecture` [file]
  Print the entire architecture configuration. The optional argument file names the file where the output goes.

`maint print c-tdesc`
  Print the current target description (see Target Descriptions) as a C source file. The created source file can be used in gdb when an XML parser is not available to parse the description.

`maint print dummy-frames`
  Prints the contents of gdb's internal dummy-frame stack.

                (gdb) b add
                ...
                (gdb) print add(2,3)
                Breakpoint 2, add (a=2, b=3) at ...
                58	  return (a + b);
                The program being debugged stopped while in a function called from GDB.
                ...
                (gdb) maint print dummy-frames
                0x1a57c80: pc=0x01014068 fp=0x0200bddc sp=0x0200bdd6
                 top=0x0200bdd4 id={stack=0x200bddc,code=0x101405c}
                 call_lo=0x01014000 call_hi=0x01014001
                (gdb)

  Takes an optional file parameter.

`maint print registers` [file]
`maint print raw-registers` [file]
`maint print cooked-registers` [file]
`maint print register-groups` [file]
`maint print remote-registers` [file]
  Print gdb's internal register data structures.

  The command `maint print raw-registers` includes the contents of the raw register cache; the command `maint print cooked-registers` includes the (cooked) value of all registers, including registers which aren't available on the target nor visible to user; the command `maint print register-groups` includes the groups that each register is a member of; and the command `maint print remote-registers` includes the remote target's register numbers and offsets in the `G' packets. See Registers.

  These commands take an optional parameter, a file name to which to write the information.

`maint print reggroups` [file]
  Print gdb's internal register group data structures. The optional argument file tells to what file to write the information.

  The register groups info looks like this:

                (gdb) maint print reggroups
                 Group      Type
                 general    user
                 float      user
                 all        user
                 vector     user
                 system     user
                 save       internal
                 restore    internal

`flushregs`
  This command forces gdb to flush its internal register cache.

`maint print objfiles`
  Print a dump of all known object files. For each object file, this command prints its name, address in memory, and all of its psymtabs and symtabs.

`maint print section-scripts [`regexp`]`
  Print a dump of scripts specified in the `.debug_gdb_section` section. If regexp is specified, only print scripts loaded by object files matching regexp. For each script, this command prints its name as specified in the objfile, and the full path if known. See .debug_gdb_scripts section.

`maint print statistics`
  This command prints, for each object file in the program, various data about that object file followed by the byte cache (bcache) statistics for the object file. The objfile data includes the number of minimal, partial, full, and stabs symbols, the number of types defined by the objfile, the number of as yet unexpanded psym tables, the number of line tables and string tables, and the amount of memory used by the various tables. The bcache statistics include the counts, sizes, and counts of duplicates of all and unique objects, max, average, and median entry size, total memory used and its overhead and savings, and various measures of the hash table size and chain lengths.

`maint print target-stack`
  A target is an interface between the debugger and a particular kind of file or process. Targets can be stacked in strata, so that more than one target can potentially respond to a request. In particular, memory accesses will walk down the stack of targets until they find a target that is interested in handling that particular address.

  This command prints a short description of each layer that was pushed on the target stack, starting from the top layer down to the bottom one.

`maint print type` expr
  Print the type chain for a type specified by expr. The argument can be either a type name or a symbol. If it is a symbol, the type of that symbol is described. The type chain produced by this command is a recursive definition of the data type as stored in gdb's data structures, including its flags and contained types.

`maint set dwarf2 always-disassemble`
`maint show dwarf2 always-disassemble`
  Control the behavior of `info address` when using DWARF debugging information.

  The default is `off`, which means that gdb should try to describe a variable's location in an easily readable format. When `on`, gdb will instead display the DWARF location expression in an assembly-like format. Note that some locations are too complex for gdb to describe simply; in this case you will always see the disassembly form.

  Here is an example of the resulting disassembly:

                (gdb) info addr argc
                Symbol "argc" is a complex DWARF expression:
                     1: DW_OP_fbreg 0

  For more information on these expressions, see the DWARF standard.

`maint set dwarf2 max-cache-age`
`maint show dwarf2 max-cache-age`
  Control the DWARF 2 compilation unit cache.

  In object files with inter-compilation-unit references, such as those produced by the GCC option ‘`-feliminate-dwarf2-dups`’, the DWARF 2 reader needs to frequently refer to previously read compilation units. This setting controls how long a compilation unit will remain in the cache if it is not referenced. A higher limit means that cached compilation units will be stored in memory longer, and more total memory will be used. Setting it to zero disables caching, which will slow down gdb startup, but reduce memory consumption.

`maint set profile`
`maint show profile`
  Control profiling of gdb.

  Profiling will be disabled until you use the ‘`maint set profile`’ command to enable it. When you enable profiling, the system will begin collecting timing and execution count data; when you disable profiling or exit gdb, the results will be written to a log file. Remember that if you use profiling, gdb will overwrite the profiling log file (often called `gmon.out`). If you have a record of important profiling data in a `gmon.out` file, be sure to move it to a safe location.

  Configuring with ‘`--enable-profiling`’ arranges for gdb to be compiled with the ‘`-pg`’ compiler option.

`maint set show-debug-regs`
`maint show show-debug-regs`
  Control whether to show variables that mirror the hardware debug registers. Use `ON` to enable, `OFF` to disable. If enabled, the debug registers values are shown when gdb inserts or removes a hardware breakpoint or watchpoint, and when the inferior triggers a hardware-assisted breakpoint or watchpoint.

`maint set show-all-tib`
`maint show show-all-tib`
  Control whether to show all non zero areas within a 1k block starting at thread local base, when using the ‘`info w32 thread-information-block`’ command.

`maint space`
  Control whether to display memory usage for each command. If set to a nonzero value, gdb will display how much memory each command took, following the command's own output. This can also be requested by invoking gdb with the `--statistics` command-line switch (see Mode Options).

`maint time`
  Control whether to display the execution time of gdb for each command. If set to a nonzero value, gdb will display how much time it took to execute each command, following the command's own output. Both CPU time and wallclock time are printed. Printing both is useful when trying to determine whether the cost is CPU or, e.g., disk/network, latency. Note that the CPU time printed is for gdb only, it does not include the execution time of the inferior because there's no mechanism currently to compute how much time was spent by gdb and how much time was spent by the program been debugged. This can also be requested by invoking gdb with the `--statistics` command-line switch (see Mode Options).

`maint translate-address` [section] addr
  Find the symbol stored at the location specified by the address addr and an optional section name section. If found, gdb prints the name of the closest symbol and an offset from the symbol's location to the specified address. This is similar to the `info address` command (see Symbols), except that this command also allows to find symbols in other sections.

  If section was not specified, the section in which the symbol was found is also printed. For dynamically linked executables, the name of executable or shared library containing the symbol is printed as well.

The following command is useful for non-interactive invocations of gdb, such as in the test suite.

`set watchdog` nsec
  Set the maximum number of seconds gdb will wait for the target operation to finish. If this time expires, gdb reports and error and the command is aborted.
`show watchdog`
  Show the current setting of the target wait timeout.